3 Ways to Value Stocks

By Ooi Kok Hwa
TheStar

MOST stocks sell at a certain price level influenced by the companies’ future income, the overall market conditions as well as the assets owned.

Three factors – income, market and asset approach – can be individually used to value a company.

Income approach: Under this approach, a company’s value is dependent on the present value of its future cash flows, which can be in the form of dividends, profits or cash movements. In Malaysia, we can use this approach on companies that are paying good and consistent dividends or companies showing strong future revenue and profits. In most times, these will show stable stock prices regardless of market conditions.

The overall condition may be weak, but these companies will be selling at high value due to the potential of their future businesses as well as the certainty of future dividend payments. Investors will hold them for the long term and will be quite reluctant to sell these stocks as they always reward them with handsome dividend payments. In Malaysia, these companies normally have repetitive consumer needs with products that wear out fast, are used up quickly as well as have strong brand appeal.

Examples include powdered milk, instant noodles, condensed milk, infant formula, soft drinks, canned milk, dairy products, toiletries or healthcare products. Most of these products are consumed fast and have strong brands. Given the present weak economic environment, despite higher operating costs, especially high raw material prices, these companies still enjoy good turnover and sales, as they are able to pass the higher costs to consumers.

Even though retailers need to fork out more money to pay for their products, it is necessary, as the products have already formed part of the essential items in most households. As a result, their financial results may not be much affected by the weak economic environment. In fact, they will still be able to reward their shareholders with good dividends. Hence, such stocks can be purchased any time, depending on the future outlook of their businesses rather than the overall market conditions.

If these stocks’ outlook is promising and able to generate high turnover, profits and cash flows, retailers may buy them now even though the future remains bleak. Market approach: Under this approach, the companies’ value depends on the market prices of similar types of companies. In most instances, the fluctuation of the overall market sentiment can affect their stock prices.

For example, the stock prices for companies like Telekom Malaysia Bhd, Tenaga Nasional Bhd and Malayan Banking Bhd will fluctuate based on the overall market risks and returns. Even though these stocks do pay dividends, their price movements tend to follow the overall market fluctuation. We use price-earnings ratio or price-to-book to value these stocks, which will depend on how many times the current market price is above their earnings or book value. Then we compare these ratios with companies in the same industry. The timing to purchase this type of stocks is important, as we need to catch them when the market touches the bottom.

Unfortunately, predicting the market bottom is a very difficult task in view of the uncertainties of the market outlook.Asset approach: We use asset approach on companies that own a lot of assets, like land banks, buildings or other fixed assets. Under this approach, the companies’ value will depend on the types of assets owned by the companies. Among the three approaches, this is the least important in evaluating any ongoing concern companies because they will not liquidate their assets.

When we buy into these operating companies, we are more interested in how much future cash flow that can be generated rather than to expect any cash proceeds from the disposal of their assets.

Ooi Kok Hwa is an investment adviser and managing partner of MRR Consulting.